Friday 25 February 2011

Additional notes (chapter 21 – 26)


         Additional notes (chapter 21 – 26)


FOR MCA ORAL EXAMINATIONS

                                                Topics and links :

Table of Contents :                                                                      
Chapter 21 : |  ECDIS   |   raster charts   |   Disadvantages of raster charts   |   vector charts   |   Disadvantages of vector charts   |  
Chapter 22 : |  emergency generator   |  
Chapter 23 : |  use of almanac for year plus 1   |  
Chapter 24 : |  enclosed space entry permit   |  
Chapter 25 : |  fire wire   |  
Chapter 26 : |  first aid for H2S poisoning   |  


21.
Notes on E.C.D.I.S.
E.C.D.I.S.- Electronic Chart Display And Information System.
An Ecdis Is An Unified Navigational Information Which Presents On An Updated Chart Background, The Updated Route, Present Position And Past Track, Interfacing With Equipment Like Radar, Arpa And Gps To Improve Safe Navigation Through The Clear Display Of The Situation In The Vicinity Of The Ship.
Raster:
1.      Direct Copies Of Existing Paper Charts.
2.      Same Symbols And Colour As Paper Charts.
3.      As Accurate And Reliable As A Paper Chart.
4.      Cheaper And Simpler To Produce.
5.      Officialy Produced Raster Chart Widely Available Eg. Arcs.
6.      Standard Navigational Tasks Possible.
7.      Many Ecdis Functions Possible.
Disadvantages:
1.      Display Cannot Be Customised.
2.      Clutter Is A Problem As Information Cannot Be Selectively Displayed.
3.      Alarm For Depth And Dangers Not Possible.
4.      Cannot Be Integrated For Information.
5.      Cannot Be Rotated.
Vector:
1.      Information Is Layered And Displayed Selectively.
2.      Customisation Possible.
3.      Safety Depth, Contours, Warnings Possible.
4.      Chart Ed Objects Can Be Integrated For Further Information.
5.      Display Regeneration Faster.
6.      Rotation At Any Angle Possible.
Disadvantage:
1.      Costlier Production.
2.      Charts For Many Sea Areas Not Possible For Many Years Due To This.
3.      Additional Training Required.
4.      More Difficult To Ensure Quality And Integrity Of Data.


22.
Emergency generator
Emergency Generator:
·         This Is A Most Important Auxillary Unit. It Is For Use Under Conditions Of Emergency When The Main Generators Are Out Of Action, To Supply Electrical Energy For Essential Emergency Services.
·         These Include Navigation Lights, Emergency Lighting, Communications, Emergency Bilge And Fire Pumps And Operation Of Watertight Doors.
·         The Prime Mover Driving The Generator Is A Completely Independent Self-Contained Compression-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine With Its Own Source Of Fuel Supply, The Fuel Being Good Quality Light Diesel Oil Which Makes Starting Esy In Cold Conditions.
·         Prior To Starting, The Cooling And Lubricating Systems Are Checked. The Method Of Starting Depends To A Large Extent On The Size Of The Engine.
·         For Large Units The Engine Is Started By Compressed Air In A Similar Manner To The Main Engine, The Air Being Stored In Separate Air Bottles.
·         Usually The Turning Of The Handwheel Opens The Starting Air To The Engine Which Runs The Engine Quickly Upto Working Speed, Turning The Same Handwheel Further Cuts The Starting Air Off And The Fuel System On.
·         Medium And Small Systems Use Hand Cranking Or Using Hydraulic Starter.
·         Starting Cartridge May Be Fitted Into Holders In The Combustion Space To Provide Hot Spots And Hense Assisting The Initial Firing.
·         Many Small Sized Engines Are Started By Electric Motors In A Similar Manner To The Starting Mechanism Of The Motor Car Engine Except That The Battery Supply Is More Often 24 Volts.
·         A Trickle Charger Keeps Fully Charge The Batteries.
·         Situated In The Same Compartment As The Emergency Generator. Is The Switchboard Which Is Connected To The Emergency Services Mentioned Above, And To The Main Switchboard In The Engineroom.
·         When Emergency Power Is Required To Be Transferred From The Main Generating System To The Emergency Generating System, The Voltage Is Adjusted To The Desired Value, Emergency Circuit Breaker Closed And The Breaker From The Main System Opened.
·         In The Event Of Main Electrical Power Failure In The Modern System The Emergency Generator Is Designed To Start Automatically And Give Emergnecy Power Without Human Intervention.
·         All Emergency Genrators Must Be Tested Frequently And Regularly By Strarting, Running And Switching Over The Emergency Circuit From The Main Supply To The Emergency Supply.
·         The Whole System Must Be Mantained In Perfect Running Order And Always In Complete Starting Readiness, For Eg. Fuel Supply Tanks Full; Air At The Correct Pressure In The Starting Air Bottle, Or Fully Charged Batteries.

 

23.
Use Of Almanac For Year+1
Almanac Year 1989:
This Almanac May Be Used For The Sun And Stars For The Following Year In The Following Manner.
For The Sun
·         Take Out The Gha And Declination For The Same Date But For A Time 5 Hours 48 Minutes Earlier Than The Uti Of The Observation;
·         Add 87 Degrees To The Gha So Obtained.
·         The Error, Mainly Due To Planetary Perturbations Of The Earth Is Unlikely To Exceed 0.4. Minutes.

For The Stars:
·         Calculate The Gha And Declination For The Same Date And The Same Time, But Substract 15.1 Minutes From The Gha So Found.
·         The Error Due To Incomplete Correction For Precession And Nutation Is Unlikely To Exceed 0.4 Minutes.
·         If Preferred The Same Result Can Be Obtained By Using A Time 5 Hours 48 Minutes Earlier Or 18 Hours 12 Minutes Later, Than The Uti Of The Observation (As For The Sun) And Adding 86 Degrees 59.2 Minutes To The Gha (Or Adding 87 Degrees As For The Sun) And Substracting 0.8 Minutes For Precession From The Sha Of The Star.

The Almanac Cannot Be Used For The Moon Or The Planets:


24.
Enclosed space entry permit.
Pf1
First Copy For Display At Work Area
Second Copy For Ship’s Record
Enclosed Space Entry Permit
Mt: ____________________ Reference Number : ____________
This Permit Relates To Entry Into Any Enclosed Space As Described In The I. S. G. O. T. T.
·         General
This Section To Be Completed By The Master
This Permit Is Valid From ................................. Hrs Date............................ (See Note 1)
To …………………….. Hrs Date ………………..
Location / Name Of Enclosed Space ...........................................................................................
Description Of The Work : ................................................................................................................
Responsible Officer : ………………………………………………………………………………
Team Leader Entering The Space: ………………………………………………………
·         Section 1 Pre-Entry Preparations This Section To Be Completed By Responsible Officer
·         Has The Space Been Segregated By Blanking Off Or Isolating All Connecting Pipelines?  Yes  No  N.A.
·         Have Valves On All Pipelines Serving The Space Been
Secured To Prevent Their Accidental Opening?  Yes  No  N.A.
·         Has The Space Been Cleaned ?  Yes  No  N.A.
·         Pre-Entry Atmosphere Tests : (See Note 2)  Yes
Readings Oxygen .......................... % Vol. (21%)
Hydrocarbon ................... % Lfl (Less Than 1%)
Toxic Gases .................... Ppm (Specify Gas & Pel) (See Note 3)
·         Have Arrangements Been Made For Frequent Atmosphere
Checks To Be Made While The Space Is Occupied And After Work Breaks? 
·         Have Arrangements Been Made For The Space To Be
Continuously Ventilated Throughout The Period Of
Occupations And During Work Breaks ? 
·         Is Adequate Illumination Provided? 
·         Is Rescue And Resuscitation Equipment Available For
Immediate Use By The Entrance To The Space ? 
·         Has A Responsible Person Been Designated To Stand By The Entrance To The Space? 
·         Has The Officer Of The Watch (Bridge, Engine Room,
Cargo Control Room) Been Advised Of The Planned Entry ? 
·         Has A System Of Communication Between The Person At
The Entrance And Those Entering The Space Been Agreed Upon
And Tested? 
·         Are Emergency And Evacuation Procedures Established And Understood ? 
·         Is There A System For Recording Who Is In The Space? 
·         Is All Equipment Used Of An Approved Type? 
·         Section 2
Pre - Entry Checks
This Section To Be Completed Jointly By Responsible Officer And By The Team Leader Of The Team Entering The Space
·         Section 1 Of This Permit Has Been Completed Fully. 
·         I Am Aware That The Space Must Be Vacated Immediately
In The Event Of Ventilation Failure Or If Atmosphere Tests
Change From Agreed Safe Criteria. 
·         I Have Agreed The Communication Procedures. 
·         I Have Agreed Upon A Reporting Interval Of ........ Minutes. 
·         Emergency And Evacuation Procedures Have Been Agreed And Are Understood. 

Date/Time _____________________Responsible Officer Signature :___________________
Team Leader Signature : _________________________
·         Section 3 Authorization In The Circumstances Noted, It Is Considered Safe To Proceed
Date/Time ______________________Master Signature : ____________________________
·         Section 4
Cancellation
The Work Has Been Completed And All Persons Are Out From The Enclosed Space.
Date/Time ______________Responsible Officer Signature :__________________________
Master’s Signature : ______________________
This Permit Is Rendered Invalid Should Ventilation Of The Space Stop Or If Any Of The Conditions Noted In The Check List Change
Notes :
1. The Entry Permit Should Contain A Clear Indication As To Its Maximum Period Of Validity
Which, In Any Event, Should Not Exceed A Normal Working Day.
2.      In Order To Obtain A Representative Cross-Section Of The Compartment’s Atmosphere, Samples Should Be Taken From Several Depths And Through As Many Openings As Possible. Ventilation Should Be Stopped For About 10 Minutes Before The Pre-Entry Atmosphere Tests Are Taken ( See I. S. G. O. T. T. ).
3. Tests For Specific Toxic Contaminants, Such As Benzene And Hydrogen Sulphide, Should Be Undertaken Depending On The Nature Of The Previous Contents Of The Space.


25.
Fire Wires
·         Terminals Require The Provision Of So-Called ‘Fire-Wires Or ‘Towing-Off’ Wires. These Are Mooring Wires Hung Over The Off-Berth Side Of The Ship. They Enable Tugs To Pull The Ship Away From The Pier Without The Assistance Of Any On Board Crew Member In Case Of A Serious Fire Or Explosion. Refer Also To Referance 6 (Isgott, 4th Edition, 1996) Chapter 3.7.2
·         A Common Method Is To Provide Two Wires, One Near The Bow And One Near The Stern. They Are Secured To Bollards With A Minimum Of Five Turns And Are Oed Directly To A Ships Chock With No Slack On Deck.
·         The Outoard End Of The Line Is Provided With An Eye To Which A Heaving Line Is Attached And Led Back To The Deck.
·         During Loading And Discharge, The Heaving Line Is Periodically Adjusted To Maintain The Eye Of The Fire Wire One To Two Metres Above The Water. Some Terminals Require Different Methods And Operators Should Be Aware Of Local Regulations.
·         When Not In Use, The Fire Wires Are Preferably Spooled Onto Reels Which May Be Located On Or Below Deck.
·         Fire Wires Should Be Of 6*36 Iwrc Construction And Be Made Of The Same Type Of Steel As Recommended For Standard Mooring Wires The Use Of Synthetic Or Natural Fiber Ropes Is Not Permitted As These Would Burn In The Event Of A Fire.
·         The Following Table Gives Guidance On Minimum Diametres And Lengths For Various Ship Sizes, However, Lengths May Vary Dependant On Positioning Of Mooring Bitts And Vessels Freeboard.
  •  
K-Dwt
Diametre
Length(Mts)
20-100
28
45
100-300
38
60
Over 300
42
70
 
26.
First Aid For H2s Poisoning
           Prevention Is Better Than Rescue. Use Safe Work Practices To Avoid Exposure.
· Avoid Delays In The Rescue. Response Must Be Immediate If A Worker Is Overcome. The Buddy System Is The Best Way To Ensure That A Rescue Is Started Immediately. When A Worker Is In Trouble, Their Buddy Should Know It And Initiate The Seven Step Initial Response Strategy As Taught In The H2s Alive Course. Head Counts And Meeting Areas Are Only A Back-Up To The Buddy System.
·         The Safety Of The Rescuers Is The Prime Consideration In An H2s Emergency. The Rescue Must Not Be Done Unless The Gas Is Absolutely, For Sure, Gone Or Rescuers Are Protected By Breathing Apparatus. The Fire Hazard Associated With A Gas Leak Should Also Be Considered And Rescue Should Be Delayed If Sources Of Ignition Are Immediately Downwind Of The Leak.
·         Remove The Victim From The Gas Or Stop The Leak And Allow The Gas To Blow Away, Or Both. Be Absolutely Sure That The Gas Will Not Reach The Area Where First Aid Is Being Done. When In Doubt, Move Farther Upwind From The Source Of The Gas.
·         If Breathing Has Stopped And Has Not Resumed Spontaneously, Some Form Of Artificial Respiration Is Required. The Sooner This Can Be Initiated Following Respiratory Arrest, The More Likely The Victim Is To Survive Without Permanent Damage. Resuscitators And Masks Can Be A Hazard If Rescue Is Delayed Because They Divert The Rescuers Attention To Equipment And Technique, Possibly Causing Further Delays.
·         Mouth To Mouth Artificial Respiration Is, By Far, The Best Treatment For A Non Breathing Victim Of H2s. There Are Three Big Advantages To Mouth To Mouth:
1.      No Chance For Mistakes - It Is Absolutely Obvious If We Are Doing It Correctly. We Can Feel The Air Go In And Feel It Come Back Out Against Our Cheek.
2.      Faster Recovery - H2s Interferes With The Way That Nerve Cells Use Oxygen To Produce Signals. When The Nerves Of The Respiratory System Are Not Sending Sufficient Signals, Breathing Stops. The Extra Carbon Dioxide In Our Breath When We Are Doing Mouth To Mouth Seems To Stimulate The Remaining Nerve Cells So That Spontaneous Breathing Returns More Quickly.
3.      Avoids Aspiration Of Vomit - Some Victims Experience Nausea And Vomiting After Exposure To H2s. This Will Not Occur Until Consciousness Returns. Consciousness Normally Doesn’t Return Until After Spontaneous Breathing Returns. A Rescuer Doing Mouth To Mouth Will Be Aware Of The Return Of Breathing And Can Place The Victim In The Recovery Position.
·         The Position The Rescuer Takes While Doing Mouth To Mouth (Kneeling Beside The Victims Head) Is Also Advantageous. There Have Been Reports Of Convulsions Being A Symptom Of H2s Poisoning And The Rescuer Can Easily Avoid Being Struck. The Victim Will Be Confused And Frightened When He Regains Consciousness And The Face To Face Position Allows The Best Communication. This Position Also Allows The Victim To Be Turned Easily At The First Sign Of Vomiting.
·         Rescue And Resuscitation Should Be Done Calmly, Quietly And Gently. There Are Reports Of After Effects Of H2s Poisoning Such As Short Term Memory Loss And Facial Paralysis. These Effects Could Be From Rough Handling.
·         After The Victim Is Breathing Normally, Let Them Rest Quietly. Use Blankets To Reduce Shock. There Is No Need To Rush Them To A Hospital. The Emergency Is Over Once Breathing Has Been Restored.
·         Once The Victim Has Recovered Enough That He Is Sitting Up And Conversing Normally, The Symptoms Of The Acid Gas Effects Of H2s Exposure Can Be Treated. Eyewash And Dark Glasses For The Sore Eyes, A Soothing Drink Such As Water Or Milk For The Sore Throat.
·         When The Victim Feels Up To It He Can Change His Clothes, Wash Up, Gather His Belongings Such As His Wallet And Glasses. Then He Should Be Taken To Medical Aid. A Person Who Has Lost Consciousness From H2s Exposure Must Be Seen By A Doctor Because Of The Chance Of Pulmonary Edema. They Must Not Drive Themselves Because Their Coordination Has Probably Been Affected. They Must Not Return To Work, Not Only Because Of Their Coordination But Also Because There Are Reports Of Severe Permanent Effects On People That Are Gassed Twice In The Same Day.


 Table of Contents :                                                                         

Chapter 21 : |  ECDIS   |   raster charts   |   Disadvantages of raster charts   |   vector charts   |   Disadvantages of vector charts   |  
Chapter 22 : |  emergency generator   |  
Chapter 23 : |  use of almanac for year plus 1   |  
Chapter 24 : |  enclosed space entry permit   |  
Chapter 25 : |  fire wire   |  
Chapter 26 : |  first aid for H2S poisoning   |  



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